The Gilded Age American Intellectual History - 1219 Words

Summer Musser Dr. Brown American Intellectual History March 30th, 2017 The Gilded Age’s cultural and intellectual elites were faced with a more innovative world as suggested in T.J. Jackson’s No Place of Grace, they are most often not harkened to the past as much as they would rather face the settings in the future. This book regards the effects of American antimodernism and from where it grounded its roots. Specifically, its dominant form as it withdraws from an overcivilized existence in modern society and precedes to pull other intense forms of a more physical and spiritual plain from medieval or oriental cultures. Determining that antimodernist movements were in it of themselves a complex blend of protest as well as an†¦show more content†¦It shines a light on changes that stem from cultural hegemony that not only does it come from a few persuasive to the right area of an affluent individual but it can also come from the deliberate aspiration a half-conscience hopes which concludes little with class relations. Lears wanted to showcase how certain influential Americans have unintentionally changed their social results which in turn transforms their own class concept of cultural hegemony. The psychic crisis marked the parameters that afflicted the postbellum intellectuals. Disconcerting to the antimodernist would have been the cultural advancement of modernity, most likely brought on by the opportunities of urban industrialization. These ideas, delve much deeper than simply searching for comfort or the will to outrun time, however, both of these concepts are made up within the times they surrounded themselves with. The bourgeois morality of the 19th century was a morality that eluded to moral progress and materials. This can be seen as having a higher compulsiveness then we do today. Lears indicated that the dynamic of the bourgeois individualism had been uprooting the everyone’s external forum of moral authority. Whether it is the king over his subjects, master, and slave or someth ing as a priest over hisShow MoreRelatedThe Great Impact On Intellectual And Artistic Endeavors And Theses Ideas Essay1262 Words   |  6 Pages In the decades following the Civil War as the United States was changing from a primarily agricultural to an industrialized nation the American intellectual landscapes were changing in equally important ways. New ideas in the worlds of literature, science and philosophy were having great impact on intellectual and artistic endeavors and theses ideas were not just influencing the social elites but also America’s growing mass of ordinary, literate citizens. This influence would set in motionRead MoreA Window into Thinking During The Gilded Age in the Book Looking Backwards by Edward Bellamy1218 Words   |  5 Pagesthis dream, he loses all hope for humanity, but then he wakes up and realizes that the 21st century is real and where he belongs. He can be an ambassador to the past and work as an educator, giving a unique per spective of the 19th century. The Gilded Age was a time a of great prosperity but also great corruption. Many advances in technology and industry took place during the time period. The transcontinental railroad was built, the steel industry was expanded, and oil took off. These developmentsRead MoreThe Gilded Age By Mark Twain1730 Words   |  7 PagesThe Gilded Age was a period from the late 1800s through the early 1900s. The name of this time period was given by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner in their book The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today which expresses this time using two stories. One of a Tennessee family trying to sell undeveloped land and the other of two upper class businessmen. This book visits the highs and lows of living in this age. Those who are rich and plentiful, and those who are dirt poor. Showing the struggle people wentRead MoreThe American Renaissance Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesIn America, the American Renaissance was the period in 1835-1880 in which United States literature cam e of age as an expression of a national spirit. Literature became one of the most historically significant effects that occurred throughout the time period of the American Renaissance. The American Renaissance is also characterized by renewed national self-confidence new ideas and technologies. Politically and economically, this era coincides with the Gilded Age and the New Imperialism. By the endRead MoreEssay on Art History506 Words   |  3 PagesWriters such as Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) and John Locke (1632-1704) of England experienced these changes and began exploring the ideals of republicanism and liberalism through their writing. Thus, England began an intellectual movement called the Age of Enlightenment. Intellectuals became skeptical of older belief systems rooted in rituals, traditions, and superstitions and, instead, began to believe in the power of humans for goodness and rationalization and, that through rationalization, allRead More Ulysses S Grant Essay1572 Word s   |  7 PagesUlysses S Grant Although Ulysses S. Grants contemporaries placed him in the highest position of great Americans along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln, the twentieth century has seen him fade. His presidency has been almost universally condemned, and he is consistently ranked second to rock bottom Warren G. Harding in polls of historians to rate the presidents. Although his military reputation has declined as well, it nevertheless continues to win him a steady following. Even hisRead MoreA New Beginning For African Americans Essay1291 Words   |  6 PagesMarisa Pope EH-232 American Literature II Professor Alan Brown November 19, 2016 A New Beginning for African Americans From the 1920’s to the mid 1930’s a literary, intellectual, and artistic movement occurred that kindled the African Americans a new cultural identity. This movement became known as the Harlem Renaissance, which is also known as the â€Å"New Negro Movement†. With this movement, African Americans sought out to challenge the â€Å"Negro† stereotype that they had received from others while developingRead MoreThe During The Gilded Age America Experienced The Second Industrial Revolution1772 Words   |  8 PagesDuring the Gilded Age America experienced the â€Å"Second Industrial Revolution†. Between the end of the Civil War and the early twentieth century, the United States underwent one of the most rapid and profound economic revolutions any country has ever experienced. There were numerous causes for this explosive economic growth. The country enjoyed abundant natural resources, a growing supply of labor, an expanding market for manufactured goods , and the availability of capital for investment. The uprisingRead MoreTriangle: The Fire That Changed America Essay1282 Words   |  6 Pagesunder control in less than a half hour, but 146 people perished, 123 of them women. It was the worst disaster in the citys history. Von Drehles wide-angle approach allows him to portray the social, economic and political dynamics of pre-World War I New York. The story of the fire only begins to emerge halfway through his book. In the first chapter, quot;Spirit of the Age,quot; we are typically spared theories about the class struggle and its interaction with the rapidly increasing feministRead MoreThe American Reaction to Richard Cobden: An Economy of Fear Essay1604 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Though Anglo-American relations are not currently hostile, they were not always this way. This paper will explore the free trade beliefs of Richard Cobden, and show that Americans who rejected his ideas did so out of ignorance and fear. The paper will begin with a description of Cobden’s context and beliefs and then move to an analysis of American Anglophobia and Anglomania and governmental responses to Cobden. Context Trade liberalization in Great Britain signaled an era of intense

Slam, Dunk and Hook, and Fast Break - 598 Words

In the game of basketball there are two items that are required to play, a ball and a hoop. In the poems Slam, Dunk and Hook by Yusef Komunyakaa and Fast Break by Edward Hirsch, the authors describe the sport of basketball in their own views. Depending on where you are, people view basketball differently. Basketball may be a mans best friend. The court may be a home for some. In these poems, the authors view the game of basketball entirely different. The correspondence amidst a player and the game of basketball is key in these poems, for it may be distinct depending one where you live and how you view the game. Both authors have a contrasting rhythm that contemplate the rate of the sport. In Edwards poem, there are not many commas or periods. Reading through it, it flows gently. Hirschs view on the game is how gently it is. When the player goes up and down the court, the ball dribbles slowly. It also shows how the game is slow and swifts thoroughly. The poem is chopped down into many into small units showing how a basketball team is divided by players. In Yusefs poem, the lines are going by fast. He uses numerous amounts of commas and periods. The periods and commas show how fast the heart of a player beats on the court. Yusefs view of the ball bouncing is fast paced and rapid. Players here are tough and energetic, while in Hirschs poem, the players tend to relax more and play with such elegance. Both poets show love and compassion for the game, but both poetsShow MoreRelatedAmerican Sport Movies Dealing with Racism6989 Words   |  28 PagesBruckheimer’s style is influenced by his work in the advertising industry. He learned that impressive and spectacular pictures are very important. Bruckheimer uses slow- and fast motions and sometimes also colour filter to get the best pictures. Also typical for Bruckheimer’s movies is that the storylines are simple and fast narrated. But everything is conceived with a lot of passion and style. He is one of the last producers who is also interested in the artistic part of his work and not justRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesManagement Capitol 1. New Management for Business Growth in a Demanding Economy Text  © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2004 4 THE POWER OF MANAGEMENT CAPITAL THE DEMANDS OF SUSTAINING PROFITABLE GROWTH IN A BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT WHERE THE FAST DEVOUR THE SLOW Our work in helping to increase the profitability of many of the world’s major companies (as well as our database surveys of many other companies) has made it clear that all this complexity has been changing the fundamental dimensions

The Crysanthemums by John Steinbeck Free Essays

I have chosen to work with â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† by John Steinbeck for this assignment, I have found this short story to be fascinating and it brings with It emotional undertones which remain with the reader long after reading. In the essay I will be demonstrating how the author has used both tone and style and symbolism to convey the principles of the work. Tone and style can be found in the method of writing and narration. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crysanthemums by John Steinbeck or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tone is Indicated by the style the text Is written, who the narrator is and it will establish the reader’s relationship with the character’s. Style Is the distinctive use of language, It Is the sum of the dictation, Imagery, syntax, grammar, punctuation, and figurative language. Often the style of writing can platoon who the writer Is. Symbol (or symbolism) In writing can be a person, time or place. Something that suggests meanings beyond the literal sense, It bears multiple suggestions and associations and Is unique to that particular work. This story is written in third person narrative, there initially appears to be no emotional pull in the way the story is told though it is rich in descriptive of place ND setting, from this you get a sense of being hemmed in, an atmosphere almost of despair. Despite the fact that no real emotional ties seem to be present at first glance, and maybe because of this fact the reader is left to feel the emotional undercurrent. I feel that the author has more invested in the emotions of this piece and this puts it at odds to the narrator. There is some speculation that this story is in fact based on John Steinbeck relationship with his wife Carol (Satinwood, 2008) and alludes to a short affair she had with a friend of Steinbeck wife’s boss. Throughout the story we get to know Elise Allen, her dreams and desires are laid bare not so much through thought or words but by her actions and her surrounds. Elijah’s conversation with her husband Henry Just adds to the impression that she is a woman who wants to be thought of and treated as a woman in all aspects but through lack of communication with Henry she feels helpless and a bit like ‘one of the boys’. Is her only quality of value the ability to grow things? Henrys insistence that she should turn her hand to the orchard (far more practical) than her beloved harassments Just reinforces his inability to see her as a sexual being. Her sexuality is played down. The story comes full circle with Elijah’s dissatisfaction with her life, the idea of escape or a connection, though not sexual to another person who seemed to have an interest in her and her work gives her a peek Into what could be, then back to where she started, dissatisfied with her life and love. This all adds to the alarm of dissatisfaction that Is felt. The tragedy In all this Is that she does not Just come full circle but In the process loses her dreams of Independence In the process. She seems to give up. She turned up her coat collar so he could not see that she was crying weakly- Like an old woman† (Steinbeck, 1938). BY Vote assignment, I have found this short story to be fascinating and it brings with it writing and narration. Tone is indicated by the style the text is written, who the narrator is and it will establish the reader’s relationship with the character’s. Style is the distinctive use of language, it is the sum of the dictation, imagery , syntax, grammar, punctuation, and figurative language. Often the style of writing can nipping who the writer is. Symbol (or symbolism) in writing can be a person, time or place. Something that suggests meanings beyond the literal sense, it bears multiple suggestions and associations and is unique to that particular work. Seemed to have an interest in her and her work gives her a peek into what could be, air of dissatisfaction that is felt. The tragedy in all this is that she does not Just come full circle but in the process loses her dreams of independence in the process. She crying weakly – like an old woman† (Steinbeck, 1938). How to cite The Crysanthemums by John Steinbeck, Papers

Shellshock Vulnerability Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Shellshock Vulnerability. Answer: Introduction The shellshock vulnerability is a vulnerability is a new vulnerability which has been found to affect the majority of models of the Linux as well as the Unix operating technologies as well as the Mac OS X (centered on the Unix). This susceptibility can be considered Bash Bug which is GNU Remote Code Execution vulnerability (CVE-2014-6271) that might permit a hacker to acquire the control over the specific computer in the event it has been used effectively. This vulnerability affect the Bash that is the typical element that is often referred to as the shell that appears to be most versions in numerous versions of the Unix and Linux (Bull Matthews, 2014). Moreover, the Bash could be used in running of the commands that are transferred to it by means of an application which is this feature which the vulnerability impacts (Bull Matthews, 2014). In this research, it would highlight how this vulnerability is exploited, the scope of the vulnerability, the impact of the vulnerability and how to minimize the risk to the businesses as well as to the consumers. How shellshock vulnerability is exploited This vulnerability could be exploited through a remote attacker to various situations. For the attackers to have a successful attack, they need to force a given program to send out detrimental environment variable to the Bash (Casula, 2014). The majority of effective route which the attackers use is through the internet servers usage that is regarded as the CGI. This really is the commonly used system to generate the dynamic Web content (Pieczul and Foley, 2016). A possible attacker may use the CGI to send a malformed environment variable to the website server that is susceptible. The server makes use of Bash to examine the variable, therefore this can also operate any specific malicious command that is subjected to it. The consequences of a hacker effectively taking advantage of this vulnerability on the Web are really serious in nature. For instance, attackers may have the capacity to get rid of the password files or just download malware to the computer which is contaminated (Cas ula, 2014). Once inside the firewalls of the victims the attacker might compromise as well as infect the other computer systems on the network (Delamore and Ko, 2015). Aside from the Web servers other vulnerable devices that can be used are the Linux-based routers that have the Web user interface which utilizes CGI. Correspondingly which an attack can occur against the Web server, it may be easy to utilize the CGI and benefit from the vulnerability along with send the malicious command to the router (Delamore and Ko, 2015). Additionally, the Internet of Things (IOT) in addition to embedded equipment for example the routers might be susceptible if they are functioning utilizing bash. Nonetheless, the current devices operate the set of tools referred to as the BusyBox that gives an alternative to the Bash. Scope of shellshock vulnerability This vulnerability possibly affects most of the variations of the Linux and Unix operating-system. The following is a summary of the exploits that have been known up to date; The plain vulnerability checks which employed the custom User-Agents Bots employing the shellshock weakness The susceptibility verify using the several headers Using the user-Agent to report the system parameters back. The following are the up-to-date CVEs for the Shellshock vulnerability; CVE-2014-6271: It was the original Shellshock Bash bug. When people refers to the Bash bug or even the Shellshock they are talking about the CVE. CVE-2014-169: This continues to be the CVE which was assigned to the incomplete patch for the original bug (Yamaguchi, Maier, Gascon and Rieck, 2015). The original patch was identified to be incomplete soon after the vulnerability was announced publicly (Casula, 2014). The variation to the original malicious syntax may have permitted the hacker to undertake not authorized measures that might consist of to the arbitrary files. The CVE 2014-7186 and CVE-2014-7187: These two CVEs are for the bugs that were identified in relation to the original Bash bug (Casula, 2014). These types of bugs were triggered by the syntax that is a lot similar to the original Bash bug , but alternatively the command injection , they allows for away from the bound memory access (Mary, 2015). There has been simply no proof that these types of bugs might have remote vectors so they have never been identified in the wild. The impact of this vulnerability The reason as to why this vulnerability has raised some problems is the breadth in threats vectors that are offered to the attackers (Mary, 2015). An illustration , a simple task of loading a website offers the attacker with opportunity of taking advantage of the vulnerability in the event that the servers handling the request of the website to utilize the bash commands in order to access the data that has been requested. The attackers are making use of this kind of vulnerability in order to exploit the system. There are various researchers who have reported that the honeypot infrastructure has been attacked by group taking advantage of the Bash susceptibility (Mary, 2015). This susceptibility is allowing the installation of the zero bash injection ELF malware which has been used currently. How to minimize the vulnerability to the business and consumer. There are various methods for detections which are used in mitigating of this risk. Given that the Bash influences the versions 1 .14 through 4 .3 of the Bash Shell, improving on the latest model could mitigate on this risk. With regards to the web application standpoint, the bug could be exploited through the code which transmits through the Bash interpreter. The CGIs as well as the CGI scripts might be the most impacted, however anything that is passed to the Bash interpreter might be exploited (Yamaguchi, Maier, Gascon and Rieck, 2015). The command execution might be accomplished through the HTTP Headers in addition to the GET parameters to the systems which are susceptible. Therefore, one may utilize the web software firewall to be able to monitor on the vulnerability in the header. Further, a signature could be added to the GET field. This signature could be utilized for monitoring the attempts for almost any bypass detection signature by means of the numerous whitespace through use of the command (Huang, Liu, Fang and Zuo, 2016). Additionally, the use of the IPS/ IDS could be useful in detecting of any kind of network communication and they could also notify one when there has been establishment of a connection and there are commands that are executed (Muscat, 2016). For the businesses, especially the owners of websites, are at most at risk of this kind of a bug, therefore, they should know its exploitation might permit usage of their data and provide the hackers with the foothold to their network (Delamore, 2014). Furthermore, you will need to apply any accessible patches immediately to prevent the attackers. A few of the Linux vendors have issued the security advisories to the recently discovered susceptibility including the patching data these are as below figure. To the part of the consumers they really should utilize the patches to their routers as well as any devices which are enabled in the web (Huang, Liu, Fang and Zuo, 2016). The customers of the Apples Mac OS X must be conscious which of the operating-system that are presently are shipped with the susceptible model of the Bash. Moreover, the Mac users might utilize any specific patches for the OS X in the event they become accessible. Conclusion Shellshock is a new vulnerability which has been discovered to affect the versions of Unix, Linux along with the Mac OS X. This attacked has enabled the attacker to gaining the control over the targeted computer in the event it has been exploited successfully. In this research, it has highlighted what is this vulnerability, how it could be exploited, the scope of the vulnerability, impact it has brought and how it has been mitigated to prevent the attacker from exploiting the systems. References Bull, R. L., Matthews, J. N. (2014). Exploring layer 2 network security in virtualized environments. Retrieved Oct, 19, 2014. Casula, R., 2014. Shellshock Security Vulnerability. Delamore, B. and Ko, R.K., 2015, August. A global, empirical analysis of the shellshock vulnerability in web applications. In Trustcom/BigDataSE/ISPA, 2015 IEEE (Vol. 1, pp. 1129-1135). IEEE. Delamore, B., 2014. An Extensible Web Application Vulnerability Assessment and Testing Framework (Doctoral dissertation, University of Waikato). Huang, C., Liu, J., Fang, Y. and Zuo, Z., 2016. A study on Web security incidents in China by analyzing vulnerability disclosure platforms. Computers Security, 58, pp.47-62. Mary, A., 2015. Shellshock Attack on Linux Systems-Bash. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2(8), pp.1322-1325. Muscat, I., 2016. Web vulnerabilities: identifying patterns and remedies. Network Security, 2016(2), pp.5-10. Pieczul, O. and Foley, S.N., 2016, July. Runtime detection of zero-day vulnerability exploits in contemporary software systems. In IFIP Annual Conference on Data and Applications Security and Privacy (pp. 347-363). Springer International Publishing. Yamaguchi, F., Maier, A., Gascon, H. and Rieck, K., 2015, May. Automatic inference of search patterns for taint-style vulnerabilities. In Security and Privacy (SP), 2015 IEEE Symposium on (pp. 797-812). IEEE.

Organic Foods in Australia and the USA

Sleep Disorder essays

Sleep Disorder essays Some Dream While Sleeping, Others Dream Of Sleeping One third of men, women, and children in Northern America complain about their sleep. This would be approximately 50 million people. Another 20 to 30 million people have trouble getting the sleep that they need. The complaints range from not getting enough sleep to people getting too much. Experts arent sure why we sleep, all they know is that it recharges the body to support daytime awareness. Mental health professionals define sleep disorders as persistent disturbances in the quantity or quality of sleep that interfere with an individuals ability to function normally for a month or more (Dianne Hales and Robert E. Hales, M.D.). Whats the significance of all these problems and what might be done about them? Some very recent research by scientists is starting to present some of these answers. As these studies have been done, the brain activity during sleep falls into different states, stages, and cycles. You may think just because you or someone else is sleeping that they are getting the rest they need, but all along their mind is in constant motion. Scientists have done studies to determine how much sleep is needed for a person, but they have never been able to pin-point the amount needed. Some people need more sleep, due to everyday stresses in their life. As people age, they tend to sleep less then a person of a younger age. Infants sleep as much as 16 hours out of the day while an elderly person may only sleep 5 or 6 hours a night. There are many different sleep disorders. They range from Insomnia, to Hypersomnia, Circadian Rhythm, and Parasomnia. Insomnia is known as the most common form of sleep disorder. Insomnia is when a person lacks the amount of sleep needed which in turn interferes with a persons ability to function during the day. Hypersomnia, is mostly experienced by people who have excessive sleep or daytime drowsiness. Circadian Rh...

Position Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Position Paper - Essay Example by Michael Pollan poses a very important question that will circle this discussion, that is, â€Å"What should we have for dinner?† According the his book, the nature offers varieties of food choices and through the years, humans were successfully able to take note which of these food choices are essential and detrimental to the health. Pollan’s work focuses more on the dangers of eating food from what he called â€Å"the modern supermarket†, which in his point of view leads humans to go back to discerning if the food is good or bad for the health. But the omnivore’s dilemma is far more than just the confusion on what food to eat. It opens up a more important question in the factors that affect a person in choosing that food and the economic, as well as the social disposition, of a person plays an important role in one’s food preferences. According to Julie Guthman, some of these considerations are the â€Å"policies not even directly related to food and agriculture, such as taxation, financial regulation, and economic development policies that have created huge disparities between rich and poor† (Merberg, 2012). Looking across cultures, indeed, there are people who are not well-enough to be able to think of what they will have to eat three times a day. Some people are considered lucky if they have something to eat just to surpass the challenges of the entire day or two. Take for example the people in the African region who are suffering from severe malnutrition due to starvation caused by financial challenges and insufficient resources. More than choosing and contemplating on what food to eat, they are thinking on where to get the food to eat. As observed, people in the African region are relatively thin compared to those living in a more civilized nation like the America, where most percentage of people suffers from obesity. Take into consideration the statistics that Pollan presented. â€Å"One in every three American children eats fast food every day. One in

CGI compromising good filmmaking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CGI compromising good filmmaking - Essay Example This has resulted to an online subculture with unique world celebrities, complex vocabularies and cliches. This paper will investigate the effects of CGI movies on viewers’ perception and beliefs. It will also show how CGI movies are compromising traditional art of filmmaking. Discussion As observed on current movies, digital character look quite different and movie backgrounds are increasing falsified courtesy of CGI techniques. If one thinks of films with these animated or impersonated notes, he may wonder where the sophistication in CGIs is heading. Similarly, experts are wondering whether Hollywood movies and film stores are losing focus on what attracts the audience to think about their heroes and be compelled by their stories in movies. Since the introduction of CGI technology, everything in the filmmaking has significantly changed, for instance, sound effects, emotional effects and visual effects. Computer generated images have become a new mechanism in filmmaking with extensive impact on both the scene or background and audience perception and belief, (Deussen & Lintermann, 2005). ... Is it the fantasy remakes and celebrity films because filmmakers can create fictional worlds through extensive computer sovereignty and inventive device? Alternatively, will there be increasingly aesthetic acting characters in these animated films? In essence, computer generated images have revolutionized filmmaking influencing everything that people watch, (Hall, 2009). In the modern world, CGI technologies create fantasy environments and imaginary characters that appear more real compared to previous decades, when filmmakers had to create creatures physically without using computer technologies to falsify images. In filmmaking CGI, technology is utilized in subtle ways such as digitally enhancing pieces of sets. With CGI technology, one can shoot a movie faster and erase blemish on characters through facial transformation. Similarly, a photographer can add physical features such as trees and buildings and change the seasons to compel and draw the viewer’s attention. Filmmake rs have the ability to manipulate scenes, events, stories and characters and make them look and feel real. A movie that might cost thousand dollars can be edited through computer-generated images for about a quarter of the price. In addition, dangerous on set scenes that need several hours of preparation can be included in setting by a computer-generated artist operating with his personal computer at home. For instance, an enthusiastic Zareh the leader of the Sydney visual effects movie changed personified studio Animal Logic, the second movie after Happy Feet, with manipulated adventure of owl Guardian Legends. Computer generated images allow moviemakers to investigate wider issues, let go of their imaginations

Paraphrase the paragraphs in the document Essay

Paraphrase the paragraphs in the document - Essay Example n the Chinese stock market, there are basically five classes of stocks: the ordinary domestic stock (A shares), foreign shares (includes B, h and N shares), legal entity shares (C shares), government shares and employee shares. Of all the five groups of shares in the Chinese stock market, the A shares have attracted the interest of most researchers. The A shares are listed in the Shanghai Stock Exchange as well as the Shenzhen Securities Exchange. The quotation of the A shares in both financial markets is done in the Chinese renminbi Yuan and only individuals who live in the country can buy the shares. Further, the Chinese stock market differs from its counterparts in developed nations on the basis of regulations and restrictions. In the Chinese stock market, the process of offering IPOs is characterised by strict regulations and restrictions than those in developed nations. The China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) sets the rules for the Chinese stock market and ensures all the dealings are conducted in accordance with the set rules. Besides determining the newly issued shares’ annual quota, the CSRC is also responsible for setting the method of determining the offering price for new shares. The CSRC is charged with the responsibility of determining the allotment of quota to different areas and provinces via specific criteria, thus providing the number as well as cumulative value of IPOs awaiting listing on the stock market. The CSRC determines the fixed offering price (online) by multiplying the company’s earnings per share by preset price earning ratio (P/ E ratio). As a result, the Chinese IPOs receive little or no feedback because of the inflexibility of the method used for setting the offer price, which makes it difficult to respond to market changes (Su & Fleisher 1999). Critically assessing the features of the Chinese stock market, it is apparent that there are many factors interplaying to yield the Chinese IPO underpricing. The factors

Sri Lanka: Agriculture, Technology and Culture

Sri Lanka: Agriculture, Technology and Culture TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY Sri Lanka has had an innovative agricultural technology. Sri Lanka has had a rich agricultural technology. Because we can found new methods and new instrument for agricultural works now a days.   farmers can save time and they can doing their work instantly by using these method and instrument, however I think there Is complex agricultural system in Sri Lanka now a days because so meny artificial things are used for agriculture works. As example machines, chemichals ect. But modern agricultural methods are having adverse effect on envioronment and crops Agribusiness is the most imperative segment of the Sri Lankan economy. Despite the fact that its commitment to the total national output declined considerably amid the previous 3 decades (from 30 percent in 1970 to 21 percent in 2000), it is the most vital wellspring of work for most of the Sri Lankan workforce. Around 38 percent of the aggregate work compel was occupied with horticulture in 1999. In the subsistence part, rice is the principle harvest and cultivating rice is the most essential monetary action for most of the general population living in rustic ranges. Amid the most recent 5 decades the rice part developed quickly and yield dramatically multiplied, coming to the most elevated at any point yield of 2.9 million metric tons in 1999Increments in the region under development, and enhanced efficiency because of the modernization of farming are the fundamental explanations behind an expansion underway. The restoration of Sri Lankas broad antiquated water system arrange and g igantic new interest in development and support of water system framework prompted to a substantial increment in the zone under rice development. Between 1960-2000, the range used to develop rice expanded 6 times to 546,249 hectares. The modernization of cultivating techniques, for example, the utilization of high-yielding seeds, tractors, and synthetic manures additionally prompted to expanded profitability in the rice division. Between 1960-1999, rice yield per hectare multiplied from 1,877 kilograms to 3,672 kilograms. Notwithstanding rice, different other nourishment yields are created for neighborhood utilization. They incorporate yams, beats, grains, vegetables, and natural products. A large portion of these products are developed in family gardens, aside from potatoes and sugar. Sugar stick is developed in the dry zone, and Sri Lanka delivers just 15 percent of what it devours locally. The significant manor harvests of tea, elastic, and coconuts keep on figuring unmistakably in the economy of Sri Lanka; notwithstanding, the commitment of these business yields to GDP declined from 11.5 percent in 1970 to 5 percent in 2000. Tea, the unmistakable product of the manor division, develops in many parts of the wet zone, and specifically in the focal slope nation. Sri Lanka is renowned for its top notch dark tea, and is the biggest provider on the planet. In 1999, 269.3 million kilograms of tea (95 percent of aggregate tea generation) was sent out, procuring US$621 million in outside trade. The United Kingdom, Russia, and the Middle East are the real fare markets The second significant business product is elastic, developing in the edge and valley nation of the wet zone inside. Of 159,000 hectares under development, around 80 percent was being tapped (gathered) and in 1999, 96.6 million kilograms of elastic were delivered. A sizable extent of elastic creation is utilized as a part of the residential assembling segment (56 percent in 1999) and the rest of traded. In 1999 fare income added up to US$33 million. China is generally the significant purchaser of Sri Lankan elastic. The execution of this part has been liable to precariousness because of ominous developments in world costs. Rivalry from manufactured elastic makers has created elastic costs to drop. Be that as it may, with rising petroleum costs (the real element for engineered elastic) there is a possibility at world elastic costs to move forward. Antiquated Sri Lanka was an independent, flourishing horticultural economy the staple nourishment, rice, was developed in broad paddy fields, while vegetables, greens, grains and oats were developed in rain-encouraged grounds called Chenas. Chena is viewed as the most seasoned type of development in Sri Lanka, stretching out as far back as 5000 years in Sri Lankan history. Chena development was a customary practice and old Sri Lankans guaranteed that the earth was unharmed simultaneously. The methods used to develop a chena relied on upon a scope of factors including the atmosphere, way of soil and other ecological and topological elements of the territory. Chena development was fundamentally polished by men; be that as it may, ladies and youngsters additionally broadened their guide in different courses, for example, shielding crops from striking winged animals and creatures. Old, conventional ceylon agriculturists emphatically trusted in numerous religious and profound customs and practices. For example, agriculturists trusted that the individual who starts development of a Chena ought to be drained of contaminations, called Kili in the Sinhala dialect. It was additionally standard of Chena cultivators to petition their religious confidence before they start development. A solid proclivity to soothsaying likewise guaranteed that development initiated on a promising day and time Chena was developed all in all; every town had one chena plot which was partitioned into individual shares among the villagers. The insight behind this joint effort was a result of craving to secure the encompassing timberland. On the off chance that every villager was permitted to clear their own plot of land for development, the timberland would soon vanish. In this way the town would by and large select one range of land for development and share the yield. Navadali Hena is chena arrive made by clearing an untouched timberland territory, setting it ablaze and developing it instantly after. Navadali truly means new ash, which can be discovered plentifully all through the Navadali Hena. As the region has not been worked beforehand, a Navadali Hena is exceedingly fruitful and acquires a high return of yield. Be that as it may, ranchers avoid developing an excessive number of this kind of chena as it requires clearing new woods arrive therefore prompting to lessening in timberland cover. The woods starts to re-develop in the deserted Navadali Hena arrive following a couple of months. At the point when the trees have achieved the normal length of a grown-up people arm, the semi-wild is cleared and set ablaze for development. This sort of chena land is called Ath Danduwa Hena, Ath Dandu signifying a safe distance. A woodland which comprises of medium-sized trees is known as a Mukalana. Hence Mukalana Hena is a kind of chena developed by clearing the medium and little measured trees of a Mukalana woods. Once a land becomes infertile as a result of repeated tilling, it is abandoned by the farmers. This abandoned chena is still tilled by feeble, sick or old farmers who cannot extend their support to the collaborative chena cultivation as it is a strenuous activity. Hen Kanaththa does not produce an abundant crop, but it is sufficient for the survival of these farmers. Generally, antiquated chena cultivators cooperatively chose the kind of chena to be developed, regardless of whether it ought to be Navadali Hena, Mukalan Hena, or Ath Danduwa Hena. Once a choice is made, they would choose a proper land range; rough zones were regularly kept away from and zones with a spring were favored. Vee Bissa is one of the more prominent creations of antiquated agriculturists. It was utilized to store paddy for both utilization and for development. Contingent upon the sort and nature of paddy, diverse sorts of Vee Bissas were set up, for example, the Ma Vee Bissa, Vadimal Vee Bissa and Bala Vee Bissa. Among alternate sorts of paddy stockpiles, Piduru Bissa, Waruva, Veniya and Pesa were well known with the old and conventional agriculturists. The Vee Bissa was held with high see in antiquated society as it was an unmistakable sign of a mans riches and impact. The quantity of Vee Bissas claimed by a man was thought about in engagement propositions too. Numerous customs are taken after when setting up a Vee Bissa. It was set up at the passageway of the house far from the terrace and toilets, maintaining a strategic distance from spots with high moistness or consistent water leakage. A sufficiently bright and dry place is the perfect area for setting up a Vee Bissa. The materials expected to set up a Vee Bissa were gathered from their environment and the prompt wilderness. Each progression during the time spent setting up a Vee Bissa guaranteed the protection of the nature of paddy seeds. The Vee Bissa is bolstered by four sections made of stone or wood. The base is lifted a couple meters over the ground to evade any contact with soil and water that may influence the paddy. The body of the Vee Bissa is produced using an exceptional sort of earth got from ant colony dwelling places. Once these layers of dirt become scarce, dairy animals excrement is then covered along within the Vee Bissa to keep creepy crawlies from nourishing on the paddy. Red ant colony dwelling place earth was normally utilized because of its sticky nature and high porosity. This dirt goes away quicker when contrasted and other mud sorts and does not bring about breaks. The dry earth does not assimilate water promptly. The put away paddy gets ventilation through the minor pores show in the dirt and the oval shape encourages uniform ventilation all through the Vee Bissa. The Vee Bissa is secured with a Piyassa which shields the seeds by keeping water from going into it while likewise giving shade to the Vee Bissa. This keeps the paddy from being influenced by growths. A layer of Margosa forgets would be spread over the top layer of paddy once the Vee Bissa is topped off to shield it from unsafe creepy crawlies. Beside putting away paddy for utilization, agriculturists likewise put away them for development purposes. The germination force of paddy seeds are all around ensured in a Vee Bissa. At present, agriculturists are confronted with numerous issues concerning the capacity of paddy. These issues were never experienced by antiquated and customary ranchers as the Vee Bissa permitted them to store paddy for expanded periods without it getting spoilt. There is no hardware or innovation today that can coordinate to the Vee Bissa as far as having the capacity to save the germination force of paddy. Todays ranchers utilize capacity compartments made of concrete while putting away paddy, be that as it may it is far fetched on the off chance that they are equipped for ensuring the germination control as proficiently as a Vee Bissa. A Nagula is utilized to furrow the land before paddy is developed. Furrowing relaxes the dirt encouraging great ventilation and water supply to the dirt, while additionally devastating weeds and boosting microbial action. Old and conventional ranchers of Sri Lanka utilized distinctive sorts of Nagulas -, for example, the Sinhala Nagula, Yakada (Iron) Nagula, and Kakulan Nagula in light of the development of the land and example of development. Sri Lankan ranchers normally utilized Sinhala Nagula for furrowing. The handle of a Nagula is identify Nimun Kurulla or the Nagul Atha. The handle is settled to a grasp called Nimun Mita. The Vakkote is the piece of a Nagula that hollows the ground out. The Nagula is dragged along the ground by its stem, Pathakadaya which is attached to a wooden bar or burden (Viyagaha) by a harmony called an Amuthu Bana. The Viyagaha is put on the neck of bulls. The Amuthu Bana is usually made of deer or sambar deer skin, or from crude skin of a coconut shaft or skins of trees, for example, Lihiniya or Nava. An edge is made in the Viyagaha to grasp the Nagula. A stick called Kewita is utilized to drive the working bovines (bull, cow, wild oxen) while furrowing. Once the field is furrowed, the bovines are discharged from the Nagula quickly, and showered in the Boradiya Mankada of the Vewa (water system tank), and nourished diverse areas of a water system tank is utilized for various purposes, the Boradiya Mankada of a tank is utilized to bathe working creatures. Sri Lankan ranchers of old had extraordinary regard for the instruments and creatures they utilized as a part of their cultivating exercises. In this manner, once their working creatures are dealt with, they would wash and clean the Nagula also, and hang it on their Vee Bissa (a capacity structure used to store paddy). A Nagula is never continued the ground and a sloppy Nagula is never utilized for furrowing the next day. A Kumbura or Ketha is the arrive on which agriculturists develop paddy. Rice is the staple nourishment of Sri Lanka and in that capacity, paddy development is given most extreme significance in the agribusiness business. Antiquated and customary ranchers were independent in rice creation and old Ceylon is said to have been among the principal paddy exporters on the planet. Paddy generation in the nation prospered amid the rule of Sri Lankan lords, who cultivated and sustained creation in different ways including, most remarkably, the supply of water through the development of extensive scale water system tanks Ceylon was famously known as The Great Barn of the East amid the rule of King Parakramabahu who is eminent for his pressure driven development and redesign in help of agribusiness. Kurulupaluwa is one of numerous philanthropic techniques rehearsed by antiquated agriculturists. A great part of the farming practices of old worked concordantly with nature, instigating almost no (these were reversible) to no harm to the earth and untamed life. There are two sorts of Kumburu: Godakumburu and Madakumburu. Godakumburu are developed without a changeless water supply, rather paddy is developed here with the guide of rain water. These sorts of Kumburu were not well known among ranchers, because of the unconventionality of precipitation. Madakumburu were significantly more famous as these had a perpetual water supply by method for a water system tank or stream. See Sama is the way toward frightening and get ready land before paddy development, which is done utilizing a Nagula (furrow) and bulls. See Sama was performed ceremoniously amid the reign of rulers in a celebration called Vapmagula. Numerous religious ceremonies were likewise seen by conventional and antiquated agriculturists before nerve racking initiated. When frightening is finished, paddy seeds are sown or saplings are planted in the ground. No chemicals or poisons were utilized to improve the dirt of paddy fields. Antiquated and conventional agriculturists utilized compost, fallen leaves and rotted roughage to treat their property. These natural composts enhanced microbial movement in soil. The yield from this technique for treatment was high and missing of unsafe poisons. Poru Gama is the way toward leveling the paddy field with the utilization of bulls and an apparatus known as the Poruva. Poru Gama is by and large done fourteen days subsequent to nerve racking and treating paddy fields. This procedure guarantees that there is uniform water spill out of one Liyadda to another. Bovines (bulls, bullock, cows) who help the rancher in the many phases of paddy development are a significant resource for him. Along these lines, agriculturists treat their working creatures with most extreme love and care. They are never incited damage by the Kewita (a stick used to drive and direct the bovines) amid See Sama, Poru Gama and so on. The creatures are never over-worded and are given a lot of nourishment, water and rest in an opportune way. Toward the finish of a working day, the bovines would be washed and cleaned and given scavenge. The creatures are never utilized the whole day (they are just worked around 5 to 6 hours a day) and are never worked under a brutal sun (this was particularly amid the day and at twelve). A wooden fence called the Danduvata, made by stacking and tying fallen and trimmed tree stems and branches, is set up around the whole Kumburuyaya to keep wild creatures from assaulting crop. Moreover, a scarecrow (Pambaya) is raised and a Takeya (a harsh chime sort protest) is hung to drive off flying creatures and small creatures. Agriculturists would keep watch over their Kumbura for the duration of the day and night in unpleasant cut watch hovels called Pela to pursue away assaulting creatures. Sri Lanka has encountered many changes in the course of the most recent century which has significantly affected customary rice cultivating in the nation. An adjustment in the atmosphere can be viewed as the island has confronted a diminishment of precipitation and an expansion in air temperature in specific ranges of the nation. Moreover, arrive utilized for vegetation has been put to different uses bringing about lost 50 for every penny of timberland cover. The populace has additionally expanded by 15 million in a land region of 6.54 million hectares throughout the most recent 60 years. Event of cataclysmic events, for example, dry spells, surges, violent winds, avalanches, pestilences, and so on., has made life troublesome for individuals to run about with their exercises. Conventional reasonable horticulture moving towards present day innovation escalated mode is somewhat to be reprimanded for these catastrophic events. Customary agriculturists who assembled involvement and abilities over hundreds of years, figured out how to support yields under unfavorable cultivating conditions utilizing locally accessible assets. A review led by the creator with the support of Future in Our Hands, during2007 2010 in the Moneragala region, explored how customary rice cultivating and the related environment confronted the test of dry spell and developing issues of present day cultivating by following adapting methodologies from the past. Customary framework honed by ranchers incorporates: i) development of conventional rice assortments; ii) utilization of natural composts (straw, green excrement, cow waste, poultry fertilizer, fluid manure and so on.); iii) administration of filters out hand weeding, mechanical weeding, and water administration; iv) administration of bug and maladies by rehearsing Kem krama (ceremonies), keeping up bio-differing qualities, and utilizing bio-pesticides; and v) administration of accessible water without prompting to dampness push. A review was completed in 16 towns, where a few agriculturists honed customary cultivating and some others embrace present day cultivating. The fundamental contrasts found in present day cultivating contrasted with conventional cultivating were that the agriculturists utilized: i) new enhanced rice assortments; ii) Inorganic composts (urea, muriate of potash and triple super phosphate); iii) Weedicides; iv) Pesticides; and v) pre-booked water system. These two cultivating frameworks were surveyed by utilizing different markers, for example, profitability of land, work, capital, and seed, input cost and net return per unit weight of grains. Comes about demonstrated that the customary rice cultivating when embraced for a couple seasons could endure dry season conditions, diminish soil saltiness, and enhance soil P, K and natural matter and some physical properties. In addition, cost of generation diminished while work and capital profitability expanded. The framework enhanced its ability to control bugs with no extra measure. Discoveries are abridged in the table beneath. In lavish tropical Sri Lanka, paddy development took profound root, changing into the backbone of the islanders and setting the pace for a national culture decorated with expound ceremonies revolved around the readiness of the fields and the collecting of the grain. Sri Lankas unbelievable gathers once brought it notoriety as the Granary of the East. Chronicled records disclose to us that paddy was developed in Anuradhapura in 161 BC and thrived there until 1017 AD. Today, it is developed over the Island. As society developed, exercises and individuals near the heart of paddy development rose to unmistakable quality. By keeping the Island nourished, the goviyas or paddy ranchers rose the progressive system of the Sinhalese cast framework, raised by illustrious support in light of the fact that, all things considered, they satisfied the general populations craving as were meriting regard. Paddy development was a mutual joint effort including both the land-owning ranchers and the sharecroppers or ande goviyas, who worked exclusively and by and large, from the seeding toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨the reaping, under the direction of shrewd and climate beaten seniors. The development cycle was a high purpose of their social life. Everybody contributed. History specialist, Dr Ananda Coomaraswamy writes in Medieval Sinhalese Art, Extraordinary Chiefs were not afraid to grasp the furrow. The larger part of town society were carried into close touch with the dirt and with each other by cooperating in the fields; even the experts used to drop their apparatuses to do a share of the field work when need was, as at sowing or reap time Divine mediation was sort to secure favors for an abundant collect, and assurance from the components and from infection. At initially, it was the divine forces of the people religions of the land that the ranchers swung to. After the landing of Buddhism in Sri Lanka in 250 BCE, Buddhist customs took unmistakable quality and these society practices were consolidated under its umbrella. The customs varied from place to put. In the low nation, for instance, a function was held to secure the support of the Gara Yakka, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨a evil presence accepted to bring about inconvenience in the event that he is not sought. In Anuradhapura, a function was held to thank the Aiyanayaka deiyo, a diety related with the supply, denoting the vital association between the agrarian individuals and their water. Old Sri Lanka had a great water powered biological community. Progressive rulers fabricated expound water frameworks to flood the land, gather water, and nourish the paddy fields, specking the scene with man made repositories. The cadence of the Islands paddy development cycles blended with the storm rains: the upper east rainstorm watered the Maha or significant yield cycle, which begins with seeding in October-November for havesting in February and March; and the southwest rainstorm watered the Yala or minor product cycle planted over April and May for reaping in August-September. 70% of the Islands rice gather originates from the previous, and the rest from the last mentioned. The ranchers honed two fundamental types of development: dry seed and wet-bed, the last being the more common. One strategy for dry seed development is known as kekulama, when the land to be developed was guaranteed from the backwoods, and alternate as vee hena if the land was under the moving or hena development technique, where the initial step is the earth being furrowed, left to settle for a couple days, and after that seeded with dry sprouted seeds. Just certain areas of land were dry seeded, and whatever is left of the land was set up for wetland development, to be done when the tanks were overflowing with water. Couple of occasions in Sri Lanka are attempted without counseling a celestial prophet who decides the favorable time for an effective result. Along these lines critical exercises like furrowing, seeding, sifting and reaping were started at propitious circumstances. One of the main demonstrations was for the ranchers to clear, clean and secure the conduits, pathways and regions. That finished, the gifts of the divine beings were secured with a pledge or guarantee, fixed by tying up a coin in a bit of new white fabric and joining it to the branch of a holy nuga tree close to the water source. The conduit entryway was opened, discharging water into the fields, the minute reported with the lighting of fireworks. At that point started the working and furrowing of the earth. Before, wild oxen were utilized to furrow the land, though today, tractors have set a considerable lot of these creatures out into the wild. The seedlings are then planted, with the primary seedling formally situated in the focal point of the field by the senior agriculturist. Areas of land at two closures of the field were left unsown ridiculous and creepy crawlies to appreciate. Watch cottages or pela are set up high over the ground to keep watch over the green abundance. The watchers had a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨clear perspective of the whole field. Flames are made to keep damaging creatures away. To remain wakeful, the watchers would sing pel kavi, melodies of the watch hovel. Gradually, the fields would turn a brilliant cocoa. Reap time was a period of cheering, to be commended in melody. The men cut the paddies and the ladies assembled them into bundles, which they conveyed upon their heads to the kamatha or sifting floor. In Folk Songs of Lanka, Carlton Samarajiwa states, the kamatha is a holy place in Sinhala society culture: it symbolizes the peak of an entire rural season furrowing the fields, sowing the seed, weeding and transplanting, and procuring the collect. The kamatha and the customs related with the action of sifting the paddy have over the eras gained their very own sacredness. Normally, there are kamath kavi, or sifting melodies, to be joyously su ng: Budun vandina velaavayi Kiri uthurana velaavayi Kola madavana velaavayi Kamatha pirena velaavayi The principal cuttings of rice are a festival. A stately pot of drain is set on a wood fire and permitted to bubble over, in a custom called kiri itirima that symbolizes plenitude. Drain rice is cooked with the grains of the main reap and offered to the Buddha and to the gods, and the rest of shared among those present. Bits of the primary rice are offered to the Buddha and taken in parade to the sanctuaries. It is a valuable minute that joins the land, and its abundance with the diligent work of its kin and their divine beings.

The Songs of Experience - Explication of London Essay -- Blakes Londo

The Songs of Experience - Explication of London William Blake published, in 1794, a collection of poems entitled The Songs of Experience. This collection works in collaboration with an earlier collection of the author's poems called The Songs of Innocence. The works of 1794 bring to the reader a more realistic or even pessimistic view of the author's native England, in comparison to the poems in The Songs of Innocence. One of the works in the more realistic collection is simply titled "London." In this work Blake gives a concise critique of the city that shares its name with the title as the speaker moves among the suffering people of that city. The poem condemns the condition of the city and its people. Blake questions the economic structure, and the extent of the government's control over the people in England. He goes on to challenge the church and its role in society. The poem concludes with a charge that the moral degradation of London is coming into plain sight in the form of physically impaired children. The first stanza of the work functions as a thesis. Here the author plays with the word "Charter'd" (ln.1 & ln.2). The meanings vary in the dictionary, but all pertain to Blake's use of the word. "Charter'd" is the condition of not only the streets of London but also of the city's greatest asset, the Thames River. While chartered might mean liberated, in the tone of this work it more likely means "rented out." In this way Blake challenges the economic system of his homeland. Also, in this double meaning, the reader can see irony in that the phrase might scoff at the idea of the people of England considering themselves liberated. The second half of the first stanza tells us ... ...ed by the harlot. Another idea to consider is Blake's personal feelings about societal institutions. Above we asserted that societies rules could shackle a person's mind, so to keep with that idea we could assert that "the marriage hearse" may tell us how Blake personally feels about the institution of marriage. This work is an open commentary on the situation of the city of London. Blake calls into question some of the basic practices of the city's people, and government. The work moves through the streets and calls to the reader's attention the different ways in which the people suffer. It accuses the government of controlling the minds of people, and the exploitation of its soldiers. It accuses the church of neglecting the needy, and finally it accuses the people themselves of poisoning their own children through their immoral acts.

Do Language Help Mould the Way We Think

Do language help mould the way we think? If we all spoke the same language, would we think in the same way? Discuss the issue using examples, details, and your personal experiences of English and your native language. Language is the tool for all of people around the world to communicate with each other; it is a product of human’s creativity which we can consider as the first evolution for the human kind. However, in different place, people use different languages which are differed in many ways: structure, pronunciation, meaning, and way of writing.Base on the Sapir-Whorf theory, language help mould the way we think; specially, the language habits of community. According to my way of thought, the way we think are affected by lots of different things; like education, family’s condition, environment, friends, traditions, †¦ . So, it do that language help to mould the way we think but we would hardly think in the same way even we spoke the same language. By evidence, in Vietnam, we all speak Vietnamese but there are still many different ideas which came out by different people when they are asked about the same topic.To be specific, they have been ask about the globalization, one said that it is all good for Vietnam on the way of development and it would be a big step for Vietnam to reach the high and stable economic which developed countries reached after globalization; others complained that it would make Vietnam losing many tradition and that the young people who are the future of our country would be affected and turned to support the tradition of foreign country; and others said that it would be fine to globalization with a good preparing and controlling by laws and media.Another evidence to prove that issue is that many young people in Vietnam studying English, some of them are really good and are to the levels that they can speak English fluently as American, but they still think in different way with the American. We can see it quite cl ear when we observe the cooperation between Vietnamese and American for example, they usually struggling with different thought about the way of working, the method that Vietnamese use to achieve the purpose usually softly and indirectly, on the other hand, American partners prefer strong and direct way of working.According to Chomsky (1983), language is considered as one aspect of cognition and its development as one aspect of the development of cognition; which means that language is important for people to mould the way of thinking but it’s just one of many aspects that we have to stable the way we think.Besides, a research of Somayyeh Sabah, a doctor from Islamic Azad University, said: â€Å"The relationship between language and thought is not generally posed in the hope that someone will come up with a definite answer†, it shows that even there are times that two or more people who use the same language have same answer or idea, they still indefinitely think in th e same way.For all of evidence that we have consider above, we can conclude that human are separated and each have their own way of thought, and that make the world’s diversity as well as help the world develop. In that process, language help us a lot to build the idea but it is not the only one; so, even we all spoke a same language, there still no chance that we have the same way of thought.

Grapes of Wrath-Fiction vs. Non Fiction essays

Grapes of Wrath-Fiction vs. Non Fiction essays A portrait of the bitter conflict between the powerful and the powerless, of one man's fierce reaction to the injustice of the time, and of a familys quiet, forbearing strength, The Grapes of Wrath is a landmark of American literature, one that captures the horrors of the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl as it probes into the very nature of equality and justice in early twentieth century America. In the epic tale of the Joad familys migration from the terror floating in the midst of the Oklahoma Dust Bowl to the Eden of California, John Steinbeck depicts the lives of ordinary people striving to preserve their humanity in the face of social and economic desperation. When the Joads lose their tenant farm in Oklahoma, they join thousands of others, traveling the narrow concrete highways toward California and the dream of a piece of land to call their own. Each night on the road, they and their fellow migrants recreate the past, and rather, faraway society where leaders are chosen, silent standards of privacy and generosity evolve, and passion, violence, and malicious rage erupt (Bender, 20-25). Published in 1939, John Steinbeck's novel The Grapes of Wrath drew attention to the hardships faced by the "Okies": poor farmers who moved from the Dust Bowl area to California in search of work. While writing the book, John Steinbeck visited Bakersfield, California and based his book on Arvin Federal Government Camp, which he portrayed as "Weedpatch Camp." (Owens, 5). The camps solemn yet radical atmosphere, combined with the plight of Americas Great Depression bestowed onto the story a pungent perspective to that unforgettable time period. The camps history began in 1935 and lasted until 1940, when over one million people left their homes in Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas and Missouri to escape the wind, dust, and drought caused by the monstrous Dust Bowl (Fanslow, 2). They quickly set out for Cal...

Attentional Deficit, Alcoholism, and P300 Amplitude essays

Attentional Deficit, Alcoholism, and P300 Amplitude essays Two of the largest issues concerning youth in the United States today are psychiatric illness and drug abuse. Increasingly large numbers of young people are being diagnosed with various neurological problems, such as depression, learning disabilities, and behavioral problems. In fact, the incidence of children diagnosed with ADHD, or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, has risen from 4.4 million in 1997 to six million today. Drug use and abuse amongst young adults is also on the rise, with alcohol second only to cigarettes as the drug most commonly abused by teenagers. This paper will explore the neurological properties behind attention and alcohol abuse in relation to deficiencies in cognitive functioning; specifically that of working memory and attentional processing. Such deficiencies are validated by decreased amplitude at positive 300 ms (P3). in the measurement of event-related potential for certain cognitive tasks. These shared properties, along with other psychological evidence, show a possible correlation between ADHD and alcohol abuse, and consequently reveal many implications involving diagnoses and treatment of such disorders. One article that is particularly relevant to these issues is "Meta-Analysis of P300 Amplitude From Males at Risk for Alcoholism," by John Polich, Vicki E. Pollock, and Floyd E. Bloom. Since P3 amplitude is dependant on many variables and is therefore very hard measure in an experimental setting, this article is basically an analysis of numerous studies, all if which include testing for correlations between abnormal waveforms at P300 ms. and risk for alcoholism. In addition, all the studies reviewed in the article are concerned with the comparison of P3 measurements in control subjects and sons of alcoholics; this criterion was instated given that the only conclusive information available at the time (the article was published in 1998) regarding genetic risk for alcoholism related to...

Communication in Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Communication in Economics - Essay Example The economists on the other hand estimated that that over 10 million dollars are spent each year as an average payment package for the chief executives in only big companies. The economists believe that the people who are on the receiving end of this kind of enormous transfers of the shareholders end ironically want the CEOs to continue. The economists have put it across that letting the excessive pay escalate every year badly hurts the already battered reputations of the American chief executives and from their point of view the silence has been very baffling. The economists also believe that there should be an inter4nal pay equity in every single company so that to avoid this perception that there are better people in the highest realms of business. The economists have also clearly said that with all the scandals that have been occurring in the recent past the CEOs only care about themselves and the idea that they create wealth for their shareholders is seen as the most ridiculous thing. This is true since most of them do not actually do the physical work themselves but their employees do the work and hence they are the ones who have created wealth for the shareholders from the type and the quality of service they provide. The economists further believe that without the presence of the lower level employees the CEOs would not have the companies at all because they would really have an awfully hard time in doing all the company's' jobs at once. Another very interesting issue is that the CEOs in America suggest what they would like to receive as their payment package. It then gets to the human resources person who later gets a consultant and it works so well that the CEOs get what they had implied or what they think they deserve. This makes the CEOs be highly respected by their peers. The economics think that it would be very fair if all the people were paid the salaries that they think they deserve by the companies that they work for. Since paying the CEOs hefty amounts of money leaves the economists wondering what about the people who have impacted the CEOs lives and the teachers who taught them the basic math and even reading. This people do not make millions in a year but they have helped in the creation of who the CEOs are today and if given a chance every one of these people who have worked tirelessly would like to make millions as the CEOs do but it just can't happen. (Noah, September, 1991) The economists suggest that the society has been playing a significant role in allowing the CEOs get much more power than anyone else and they assume that they deserve the credit for building their million dollar companies. The CEOs however play an insignificant role in sustaining the companies and in most instances they do not have to make as many decisions as the board members do or as much work as the secretaries. All the actually do is simply watch and monitor the stock prices and clearly ensure that they are still earning at least a seven digit salary. The boards on the other hand have been made to accept the logic that the CEOs should be in the top half in their pay and if it is not so this leaves an implication to the to the general public

Evidence Based Practice Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Evidence Based Practice - Coursework Example The implication is that evidence-based practice requires the clinicians to stay in touch with modest research literature and also use the information in their informed clinical decision-making processes. Moreover, EBP entails weighing values of the research evidence in relation to the clinical data and also taking into consideration the client’s informed consent. The bottom line is that clinicians should to identify what the literature recommends as the best practices and also sharing the knowledge with patients. During an emergency situation, evidenced based practice may be implemented in case a clinician has new information on how to manage and handle the health condition. Therefore, the staff plays a significant role in linking the clinical practice to the changes in the clinical research. In fact, emergency settings require more of evidence-based practice since research always bring new methods and strategies of handling health care situations and they might be even more effective than the traditional methods. According to Melnyk and Overholt (2014), clinicians engage in evidence-based practice in emergency setting when assessing wounds, injuries or other medical conditions that might require a high level of clinical

Free Speech on college campuses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Free Speech on college campuses - Essay Example said in his essay On Liberty in Utilitarianism Etc, people, in this case, students should be given the "fullest liberty of professing and discussing, as a matter of ethical conviction, any doctrine, however immoral it might be considered." (Mill, John Stuart, 1910) Voltaire was even more specific on the issue of freedom of speech when he said "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it" (Voltaire 1906). The freedom of speech takes on a more urgent and important role inside the school campus. First, it serves as medium for sharing of ideas and knowledge, second, it facilitates decision-making, and third, it clarifies issues and helps facilitate changes for the better. When students are allowed to freely express themselves, the learning process becomes more dynamic and pro-active. Since everyone is free to present their ideas and challenge the ideas of others, academic discussions become more interesting and liberating. On the other hand, controlling and curtailing the freedom of speech in the campus tends to stifle and kill the natural creativity of the students. Who would want to present their ideas if these ideas will only be subjected to censorship? Yes, it is true that the freedom of speech inside the campus requires a lot of tolerance to nonsense, idiosyncrasy and bad taste but these are just small prices that we all have to pay to make the learning process more dynamic. Beside s, according to the Court in the case of Roth v US 354 US 476 (1957), any person who feels that he or she is maligned by the obscenities uttered by another person has the right to go to Court for redress. When it comes to decision-making, freedom of speech is very important. Note that a decision made in the campus without proper consultation among the concerned students can lead to a lot of protests. A school that makes decisions without really knowing what the students want is putting itself in a very compromising position. If we recall the

Impact of Culture on Health Essay Example for Free

Impact of Culture on Health Essay * What do we mean by culture?   * Culture is one of those concepts that most people seem to intuitively grasp, yet cannot define clearly. * The process of categorizing groups of people as others (other than one’s own group) is a common feature of the way human beings think, and it forms a part of the whole phenomenon we think of as culture. * There other uses of the term culture that can confuse the situation – for example, saying someone is more cultured than the other, referring to some concept of high/elite culture, expressed through personal manners, education and knowledge, involvement in or familiarity with artistic activities such as opera, modern art, calligraphy, dance or theater – that is contrasted to pop culture. * Definitions they share the basic components, existing as a kind of whole and links many kinds of aspects of life and social structure within a group or society; it refers to the relationship between what people know and believe and what they do; it is acquired and shared, more or less, among members of the group or society and transmitted to members of the group/society over time. * The Classic Definition: Cultures is said to be that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society (E.B Taylor, 1871) * The Symbolic Definition: Human culture is a kind of symbolic text, in which behavior, objects, and belief interact together in a kind of ongoing dramatic production that represents issues and concepts of meaning fr a particular society * Members act as characters in this grand drama and what goes on (plot) only makes sense in reference to an underlying interpretive framework. * Culture as an Ideology: Equate the concept of culture to a kind of dominant ideology or to beliefs, social institutions, practices, and media representation associated with particular configurations of power. * Discourse at any point is linked with a configuration of power and the rules for interpreting what is or is not a valid statement. * Culture Materialist Definitions. Viewing culture primarily as a system of belief, practice, and technology directly tied to economic activity or to the adaptation of a people to a particular physical environment. * Linguistic Definition: thinking of a culture as a type of language. Speakers of the language may use differently, to create slang, irony, humor, or even poetry OR they make break the rules to create a particular effect. BUT it is still the same language and underneath the language is some shared base of understanding about the nature of existence and day-to-day life. * Mental or Cognitive Definitions: Construct of culture as something primarily in the mind of people within a particular group, a kind of shared conceptual framework that organizes thought and behavior. From this perspective, culture is not so much about what people do, but abo ut what they think and how that determines what they do. * Culture and Biocultural: Think of culture in relation to the human condition is to understand humans as biocultural. It is something that is imposed on the biological world by a society or group of people who have, over many years, developed a system of beliefs and practices. * How can we define the people who share a particular culture? * Is it a political definition? (most cases no) Is it a geographic boundary? A social boundary? Is it religion? * Culture is not fixed but evolves as people from one society or group come into contact with other people or as they change over time, their culture changes. * What do we mean by health? * Free of disease – absence of pathogens and healthy immune system * Body functions normally – organs, nervous and other systems function as they should * Free of injury and other problems * Eats healthy foods – food that provides essential nutrients and is free of substances that cause damage to bodily functions. * Engage in healthy, preventive behavior – basic hygiene, immunizations, sees a doctor * Avoids risky behavior * To be in reasonable physical shape. * To be in a stable mental state to be happy, satisfied with life, get along with people * General well being * In some parts of the world, criteria defined by other cultures can interfere with biomedical standards. * To obese can be a sign of wealth or in the case of females, fertility, maternal capability and warm personality. * Rites that often involve what we might call â€Å"health risks† yet they are understood to be good and absolutely necessary to proceed to the next life stage. * To understand diverse concepts of health and healthy behavior, it is necessary to think of health in a broader way, beyond biomedical. * Health is often very close to ideas within that culture about being well. Chapter 3: Ethnomedicine I: Cultural Health Systems of Related Knowledge and Practice. * An ethnomedical system can be defined as: an applied cultural knowledge system related to health that sets out the kinds of health problems that can exist, their causes and (based on their causes) appropriate treatments – as an interrelated system of belief and nature. * It is of key importance when thinking about the cultural aspect of ethnomedical system is that across cultures there are different answers to all of these questions, from the range of potential health problems, to causes, to treatments, as well as the closely related question of what kinds of individuals are qualified to provide treatment * Human beings are biocultural some theorists have found it useful to make a distinction between disease (abnormal biomedical state caused by pathogens or physical anomalies) and an illness (a culturally defined state of not being well, with many culturally defined causes including biomedical). * Disease and illness may or may not refer to the same phenomenon. * Functionally, both systems have the same kinds of elements and in both cases there is a linkage between the elements. The differences have to do with the specific content, and the means by which cause is determined (with respect to cause in the biomedical case, that includes both research and clinical diagnosis.) * Where the biomedical system categorizes unwell states based on physical symptoms linked to biological causes, the nonbiomedical system may have its classification on combinations of emotional and physical manifestations links to the spiritual causes, disruption in harmony, imbalance in a person’s lifestyle or an improper mix of substances and forces. * Personalistic system – disease is due to the â€Å"active, purposeful intervention of an agent† where the ill person is the object of action by a sorcerer, spirit or supernatural force. * The general pattern of treatment is to block/counter the spiritual agent with spiritual forces in support of the patient. The center of action (in terms of cause or treatment) is not necessarily within the patient, but in the supernatural world. * Naturalistic system – disease is explained by the impersonal actions of systems based on old historical systems of great civilizations. Illness arise when people are out of balance physically, spiritually, or in some other way. * The pattern of treatment is to restore balance through various combinations of herbal medicinal, meditation, diet, lifestyle changes, or other actions. * A very important principle to remember is that a given social or cultural group will rarely operate in reference to a single ethnomedical system. The norm for most people is multiple and coexisting ethnomedical systems of some blending of elements from various types of systems. One system may be dominant, but aspects of other systems are also likely to be included. * The Placebo Effect and Role of Belief – placebo effect the tendency for treatments and pills to have no biochemical or biomedical effect to cause improvement in patient health symptoms. This occurs because of the belief that the treatment or pill has curative properties or because of the ritual process of going to a doctor itself. * Ethnomedical Systems: Non-Western Examples * Ayurvedic Medicine (India) * Originates with ancient Vedic culture in India and focues on prevention and a holistic concept of health accomplished through the maitenence of balance in many areas of life, including thought, diet, lifestyle and the use of herbs. * Body is comprised of 3 primary energy types called dosha each represents characteristics derived from the 5 elements of space, air, fire, water and earth. * Vata subtle energy associated with movement * Pittaconnected to the body’s metabolic system * Kapha associated with body structure * Cambodian/Khmer Health Belief Systems * The traditional system shares some aspects in common with Chinese and other Asian systems in the emphasis on balance. Illness may be attributed to imbalance in natural forces. This is often symbolized or expressed as the influence of wind or kchall on blood circulation illness * South African Health Belief Systems * Among the Shona and other peoples, one aspect of a naturalistic system is understood to be related to the presence of a nyoka or snake in the body. Movement of the nyoka is related to many diseases, including diarrhea, stomach ailments, sexually transmitted infections, epilepsy, mental retardation and others. * Health Belief Systems in Latin America and the Carribbean * Espiritismo common in Cuba and Puerto Rice, synthesis of Afro-Caribbean, French, and possibly U.S. spiritualist. The belief system is that there is both a supreme being and a world of spirits with influence on health that can be accessed through a medium, typically in a group sà ©ance-like setting. * Santeria also found in Cuba and Puerto Rico, blend of West African and Catholic traditions. It is based on the idea that there are many spirits called â€Å"orishas† who are connected to the supreme being and who can be appealed to help in various dimensions of life. * Curanderismo founded in many parts of central/latin America; a healer or curandero makes a diagnosis using tarot-type cards or by sweeping a broken egg or other object across the body of the patient. The idea is that there is a supremem/higher power that is the source of energy, and the curandero is the instrument of that higher power. * Western Example – the biomedical system is primarily based on a classification system tied to biological phenomena – the action of pathogens (viruses, bacteria), cellular or other biomechanical malfunctions, injuries/system damage, and others. Treatment is, of course, directly connected to generalists or specialists trained to address specific kinds of biomedical phenomena. Chapter 4: Ethnomedicine II: Cultural Systems of Psychology and Mental/Emotional Health The Cultural Construction of Mental/Emotional Illness * Anything defined as an abnormal mental/emotional state is also likely to involve a cultural judgement and therefore may say a lot about cultural values and beliefs as a whole at particular moments in history * Ex. drapetomania – the disease causing negros to run away. It was thought to be a curable disease of the mind, involving sulkiness and dissatisfaction prior to running away, that could be brought on when white slave owners trated slaves too much like human beings, or on the other hand when they were overly cruel and brutal. * Ex. dysaethesia aethiopica – characterized by a state of half-sleep and a physical or nervous insensibility that caused them to behave like â€Å"rascals† * DSM – reference book for mental conditions that are viewed in Western/biomedicine as abnormal, with detailed descriptions of the etiology, symptoms and treatment for each condition. While it is based on scientific/clinical research, the symptoms and descriptions for many c onditions offer a fascinating glimpse of the way in which such conditions can be shaped by cultural expectations and changes in such expectations. * Ex. Antisocial Personality Disorder the symptoms seem to outline a kind of personality that could be viewed as troublesome if not criminal but the picture changes when context and culture are added. * Ex. ADHD according to the DSM IV, this disorder is characterized by two sets of symptoms – inattention and hyperactivity impulsivity. This is a condition that can cause difficulties and impairs appropriate functioning. But there is room for interpretation. Some elements of hyperactivity and are subjective and depend on culturally related standards for appropriate behavior. The Question of Universal vs. Culture-Specific * Do all humans beings experience the same mental health phenomena or emotional phenomena? * The universalist position would argue that human beings have essentially the same psychological makeup – a position often referred to as â€Å"psychic unity† * The cultural relativist perspective cultures entail unique patterns of thought and behavior. * Combination of both perspectives cultures shape how emotions and mental experiences are constructed, named, and given meaning, and the living patters of specific cultures tend to accentuate particular stressors that may result in mental health issues. * There do appear to be some mental health conditions that occur in some form across cultures, and so could be seen as universal conditions (ex. depression). * Mental conditions that appear unique to one or a few cultural groups can be thought of in 2 ways * culture bound syndromes defined as any form of disturbed behavior that is specific to a certain cultural system and does not conform to western classification of diseases * Many of these patterns are considered to be â€Å"illnesses† and have local names. * Problems with culture-bound syndromes: no suggested steps for how a provider should incorporate cultural factors into the diagnosis or learn what those factors are; overlap between some conditions across cultures; the process of selecting the culture bound system is unclear * Conditions that are prompted by specific patterns of social stress and/or ecological contexts * Ex. In the Saora tribe in India there is a peculiar condition among young men and women who cry and laugh at inappropriate times, experience memory loss and feel like they are being bitten by ants. These young people are considered misfits and are not interested inpursuing the traditional subsistence of farming life. For this, they are under considerable stress due to social pressure from relatives and friends. To solve this problem, a marriage ceremony is carried out in which the disturbed person is married to the spirit. Young person becomes a shaman. * Anorexia/Bulimia in the United States * Fear of weight gain and distorted view of one’s body. This causes people to restrict their eating or binge eat/purge. One of the key contributing factors is the combination of weigh gain during puberty set against perceived social pressure to conform to culturally specific ideals of beauty * Historical Trauma * American Indian/Alaska Native populations have long experienced a range of disparities in health. These peoples suffer from a collective, psychological scar resulting from the experience of violence, culture loss, land loss, discrimination and eventual marginalization that resulted from European colonialism and conquest in the Americas. * Immigrant/Refugee Mental Health Syndromes * Many immigrants and refugee populations coming to the United States and other host countries from civil disasters and other traumatic situations experiences psychological consequences in addition to the stress of acculturation itself. * Emotions and Culture * Lutz and the Ifaluk found that emotions are culturally constructed. Emotions are a daily working phenomenon. Chapter 5: The Moral Dimension: The Relationship of Etiology to Morality in Cultural Beliefs and Practices Related to Health * Cross Cultural etiologies of illness can range from those that seem neutral, like pathogens or genetics, to those that don’t like sorcery or family disharmony * In other words, there appear to be some causes for which no judgment can be made or blame assigned, and some that can be blamed on somebody or something, whether the person who is ill, or another person, or another social institution or group. Culture, as reflected in ethnomedical systems, involves socially produced definitions of what is normal vs. not normal. * When a person experiences some abnormal phenomenon (illness) it could be thought of as: * Abnormal but morally ok not your fault * Abnormal but not morally ok your fault or somebody’s fault. Can result from stigma. * The moral connection to illness is very much related to several kinds of factors: * Cultural conceptions of the individual and the degree to which individuals are viewed as responsible for their condition and their behavior * Most western societies are typically viewed as individual-centric * The degree to which external forces are viewed as responsible for their condition and their behavior * In many cultures, what you do and what happens to you may not originate with you but with other forces. These forces could be attributed to one or more gods, to broader natural forces, to specific spirits, or to sorcery ad witchcraft. The moral source, so to speak, may in part be related to individuals but indirectly. * The kinds of social divisions that exist in a particular society and what those social divisions are held to mean – social class/social stratification, gender, race/ethnicity, religion and other divisions. * Refers to a moral source that is society itself the way in which society creates conditions that make some peole more vulnerable to disease than others or that forces some people into choices (with health consequences) that others do not have to make. * Physical Symbolism of the Disease * If the appearance of the disease looks like the embodiment of a culturally defined malevolence of some kind, people may react to it regardless of whether or not the victim is initially held to be at fault. Alternatively, the appearance of the disease may be seem like evidence that the person must be at fault or is some way selected for punshement, triggereing a kind of after-the-fact blame. * All of these can lead to the stigmatization of people with a particular illness or disease. * Stigma: the discrediting, social rejection or staining of types of people who are viewed as blameworthy in one way or another. It is the social construction of spoiled identity for classes of people viewed as undesirable by some social standard. The exclusion and abuse caused by stigma may even be sanctioned by law. * Illness Behavior * Two kinds of sick roles:   * A set of roles for people who are ill * A set of roles for the other people who interact with the sick person, whether as a healer or family member or even a classmate. * Illness behavior is produced or socially constructed within the framework of a culture. It involves an entire production, in which many players act out their roles and in doing so, work together to produce a result that comes out as the way of a particular illness takes form, and the consequences of that, in a given society. An important result of this and other culturally shaped interactions is to reproduce the culture.

Management Information On Decision Making Information Technology Essay

Management Information On Decision Making Information Technology Essay In today advance technological and competitive business environment Management Information System plays a vital role. This assignment report explains how information management changes the overall structure of the organisation and how it effects the different aspect of organisation business such as strategic decision making, Information sharing, production, financial, marketing and customer interaction. Some data and information evaluation methods are discussed which provides high quality information to the management information system for the completion of important task. Finally decision-making tools such as SWOT and ASHEN are discussed that how these tools helping in decision-making. ASSIGNMENT GUIDELINES 7004-STRATEGIC INFORMATION MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT QUESTION With reference to your organization, identify strategic information system (IS) issues and critically analyze and evaluate the organizations practice to solve the problems connected with implementing strategic information systems. Also discuss the wider organizational implications of the steps taken by the organization in the use of IS and their consequences. Your report should cover the following learning outcomes and assessment criteria:- LO1: Understanding the impact of management information on decision making The basic concern of Management Information System (MIS) is the collection, processing, storing, exchanging and transmission of the appropriate information in the organization for the support of management operations. Therefore with help of this appropriate information collected from different process, an organization can make a successful decision. In the absence of Management Information System (MIS) there is small chances for an organization to achieve its targets and business growth. Assessment Criteria 1.1 Identify the features of data and information Data: Data is defined as the collection of facts about events. This collection of facts is in raw form means that an unorganised and unprocessed form, which cannot be use for meaningful purpose for example Name, Age, Price etc. Information: Information is defined as a well-organised, well-processed and meaningful form of data generated from raw data. The end users utilises this meaningful data for making a decision easily for example Employees Records, Sale Report etc. Accessibility, Relevance, comprehensibility, timeliness and accuracy: In any organisation it is important that accessibility to information must be provided to all departments employees it means that availability of information to the management and other staff. The accessible information must be relevant to the processes, functionality and operations of that department. The information must be comprehensible i.e. clear, well organised and structured, must be timelines i.e. suitable to complete related task and must be accurate to generate the expected result properly. Determine the criteria to be applied when selecting data and information to support decision-making In business environment data is a valuable asset for any organisation. The data must be collected carefully because organisation decision-making processes are based on the generated information from this data. While selecting data and information for decision-making we must apply some criteria to this selection such as accuracy, validity, clarity etc. Data selection criteria: Accuracy, completeness, validity, consistency Accuracy: Data accuracy is vital role in management information because an accurate data can generate highly valuable results. For data accuracy timeliness is important otherwise there will be errors in the result. Completeness: The completeness of the data means the availability of latest data for decision-maker. The incomplete data can lead to poor decision-making management information. Validity: The validity of data mean data must be collected carefully and from an authentic source. The source of data must be known and verified. Consistency: The consistency of data is key role in good management information because it generates reliable, steady, well-organised and well-structured information. Information selection criteria: Data quality, definition clarity, relevance, presentation, timeliness, availability Data quality: To generate highly valuable and standard information data must be according to certain quality standards such as data must be in the appropriate format, well structure, well-organised and standard transferring method must be used. Definition clarity: The generated Information must be clearly and easily understandable, this will allow organisation employees to use the right information in the right place. Relevance: Information must be relevant to a task that it can be examined and packaged into an effective format. This is helpful that the management information is having to the point information but the information must not be incomplete. Presentation: The management information must be able to present information in the right format, order, well-structured and attractive design. This will describe a clearer picture of the organisation. Timeliness: The information must not take longer time i.e. must be concise and to the point that the management information can quickly response. Availability: The regular availability of information must be guaranteed to the management information that all tasks can run smoothly and the management information is able to generate up to date results. Evaluate the impact of a management information system to an organisation Increasing productivity and creativity: Management information system provides knowledge to workers accessing information resources. Using this knowledge the productivity of organisation is increased rapidly i.e. manufacture more products in short time. Not only this but also it brings new ideas and inspiration into the organisation. Developing policies: Management information system helps organisations to get maximum benefits from the extensive use of these information resources in developing policies i.e. planning, implementation and evaluation in the organisation. Use of strategic information resources: In the management information system the strategic information resources helps organisation in increasing productivity and brings new innovation. Organisations are able to do better planning, implement new policies efficiently. Strategic information resources improve the use of information resources in business, government and non-profit organisations strategies. Understanding ICT as a tool for accessing information In the management information system the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools are the most commonly used source for accessing information. These tools allow organization to access any type of information such products, researches, new developments, quality standards, communication with employees and customers etc. Managing external, corporate and internal information in organization The management information system systematically and efficiently manages the external information i.e. customer needs and choices, corporate information i.e. organisation values, brand names, advertising and marketing procedure, and internal information i.e. effectiveness of tasks, quick processing, interpretation and response of the organisation staff. Using information to support business processes Information supports the following business process. Market and customer information Using Market information organisation can learn about the competitors in the market allowing them to improve product quality, increase productivity etc. using customer information organisation will have a better understanding of customer needs and choices. Product information Using product information organisation can improve products quality, increase production, price comparison and easily availability. Specialist knowledge Using specialist knowledge organisation can manufacture new innovative products, add new customer to business, reduced cost and expenditure. Business process information Business process information supports the internal information about the performance of the organisation such Finances, Customer, internal process and learning and growth. Management information and plans Management information and plans supports the developing policies, future planes, and improvement of services of the organisation. Human resource information Human resource information is essential for organisations reputation, product support, future planes and innovations. Supplier information The Supplier information allows the organisations to choose from a large number of suppliers offers affordable price, best quality and quick service. LO2: Understanding the importance of information sharing within the organisation Information sharing within the organisation making employees as team allowing them to put forward their ideas, inspiration, new creations, discuss different matter and find solution for critical issue. This improves the overall efficiency of the organisation in terms of employees, products, policies, customers and competitors. Assessment Criteria 2.1 Determine the legal responsibilities in sourcing, sharing and storing information Confidentiality and privacy: Special care must be taken when sourcing, sharing and storing information such that this must fully compliance with the Data Protection Act. Information about organisation and employee must not be disclosed with out their consent. Copyright and software protection Any type of data, information and software must be used under copyright and software protection Act. This means that using someone work must be authorised by that person or any organisation to which it belongs. Contractual obligations In case of conditional agreement information sourcing, sharing and storing must not breach the conditions i.e. all these operations must be according to the terms and conditions of contract. IS and Crime (criminal not civil law) This includes frauds i.e. dishonestly use of information, infringement i.e. violation of rules and regulation, miss used of information i.e. for the purpose of making organisation or individual unpopular. 2.2 Discuss when information should be offered and access allowed. Information obtaining, accessing and processing must be according to the Data Protection Act, which gives the right to individuals Person, organisation etc to know what information is held about them, the purpose of information holding as well ensures them that personal information is handled properly. Anyone who is processing someone personal information must comply with the eight principles of Data Protection Act, which are explained below. Fairly and lawful process: According to 1st principle, Personal data must be processed fairly and lawfully. This means that the data subject i.e. person, organisation permitted the processing of their personal information for any legal and legitimate purposes such as employment, justice, health and safety etc. Process for limited purpose: According to 2nd principle, Personal data must be obtained and process for a limited purpose only i.e. one or more particular and lawful purposes. If the further processing of personal information is required for other purposes than the specified then the data subject must be informed and further processing should be according to the data object consent. Adequate, relevant and not excessive: According to 3rd principle, Personal data must be adequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the purpose it is obtained and processed. This must ensure the data subject that the processing of personal data is relevant to the specified purpose and is not unnecessary. Accurate and up to date: According to 4th principle, Personal data must be accurate and up to date if necessary. This means that the accuracy of the data must be ensure whatever it is directly obtained from the data subject or it is through third party. It is the responsibility of the data object to inform the about any changes or inaccuracy in the data. Not kept for longer than is necessary: According to 5th principle, Personal data must not be kept longer than is required for the purpose or purposes after it is processed. Process in line with a persons right: According to 6th principle, Personal data shall be processed with the data subject rights under the Data Protection act. This means the data subject has the right to request for the correction, blocking and deleting of their personal data after processing. Secure: According to 7th principle, the security of personal data must be ensures. This means that in case of unauthorised or unlawful processing, accidental loss and destruction to the personal data appropriate technical and organisational measures should be taken to prevent such incidents. Data Transfer According to 8th principle, Personal data must not be transferred outside the European Economic Area i.e. to outside countries. If the outside countries can ensures that personal data will have adequate level of protection and will be processed with the consent of data object and for the specified purpose, then in such situation data can be transferred. 2.3 Evaluate the formats in which information can be offered. Electronic/manual: In Electronic format information are provided through electronic means computer generated such as E-mail, Ms Word file, Excel sheet, Data Bases etc. while manual information are almost are provided on papers i.e. printed or handwritten such as log books, manual order book, letters, books, reports etc. Lists of Individuals List of individual could be computer generated or manual, which contains details about organization employees, managerial stop and other staff responsible for different task. Usually this contains names, designation, contact etc. Libraries: Libraries are well organized and well-structured data storage system used in computer to holds data files, folders, records, pictures, and videos in a proper order etc. now days there are many electronic libraries holding e-book, e-journal etc. not only electronic libraries are used still most organization using large number of manual libraries contains books, journal, research papers, reports etc. Folders Folder is container used by computer system for organizing folders, programs and files on a disk in graphical user interfaces mostly represented with a graphical image (icon) of file folder on the screen. Manual folders normally used for holding papers i.e. invoices, report, expenses etc. Documents Computer generated document is any self-contained piece of work created with help of any application program is saved with a unique file name. This unique name is used to retrieve that document. While manual documents are hard copies or handwritten records, personal detail, manual etc. List items inside the lists This is heretical or tree structure, similar items are list under single category the inside list are known as sub categories of the main category. This keeps items in an organized structure and it is easy to find and locate a specific item. List items present in the libraries: In the libraries all items are divided in categories, each category contains a list of interrelated items as well sub items, this categorization helps in searching and locating items within the vast amount of the available items. LO3: Use information to inform and support strategic decision-making Assessment Criteria 3.1 Analyze information to identify patterns and trends With the help of information system organisations can identify and predict the patterns and trends in all aspect of the business such as market, competition, customer demands etc and based on the information analysis they can make good strategic decisions. The market The Information system analyses the data collected from the market and based on the analysis the organisation can decide about the product quality improvement, increase productivity, adjust product price and can decide about the launching of new products and organisation future planes. The competition Based on the Information system analysis of the market data organisation can decide about the product price reduction, improves quality, improve advertising campaign, more facilities to customer and shareholder, easily availability etc as competition with other organisation. The state of economy Based on the Information system analysis organisation can manufacture economical product with low cost and can utilise available resources efficiently i.e. reduction in manufacturing time, proper use of material, required amount of product, reduction in manufacturing defects etc. Legislative development Information system improves the legislative system of the organisation. They are fully compliance with the data protection act, international laws and standards, legal rights. Based on the information analysis the organisations can take legal steps to attract Customers, compete with their competitors, can utilise information resources, shares informations, utilise hardware and software etc. Customer demands Based on the Information system analyses of the collected data from the market organization can predict the customer demands such as what customer wants, is their need of improvement in products, is there a possibility to launch new product, are products easily available to customer, is there a need of change in the policy and legislation, are customers able to commits complains and advices etc, are they happy with prices etc. Evaluate a range of decision making tools and techniques available to support a strategic decision SWOT SWOT (Strength weaknesses opportunities and Threats) analysis tools provide an organization a structural analysis of its Strengths, Weaknesses, the opportunities and threats they are facing. The SWOT analysis is based on the discussions and people viewpoints and it is not the end but step before any action planning take place. The organization use the analysis result to appreciate its strength (personal, competition, knowledge, production etc) for taking decision to minimize its weaknesses (improve developments, competition, product quality, customer communication etc), utilize most of the opportunities (possibilities, value in next five years, product demands etc) available and treating possible present and future threats (limitations, losing product values, equipment and software fault etc) in a planned and well organized way. Critical success factor (CSF) Critical success factor is an approach takes by the organisation to determine organisational need for information. There are a numbers of key factors required for any organisation to be successful, these factors are known as critical success factors. If organisation is unable to achieve these critical success factors, then this will have a high impact on the organisation and as a result there is possibility of organisation failure. The diagram below describes how CSF helping organisation in the determination for need in key decision (KD) and information Required (IR) CSF KD KD KD IR IR IR IR IR IR Where CSF represents Critical success factor, KDs represents key decision and IR represents information required to support key decisions. Model Driven DSS Model-driven is a complex Decision Support System (DSS) system helping in analyzing decisions or choosing different options between the available. This type of system is used by the organization / Business managers and staff members, or by other peoples usually interact with the organization. The use of the system is for a number of purposes, which is depending on the setup of the model such as scheduling, decision analyses etc. there are a number of ways for the deployment of Model Driven DSS system such as in stand alone PCs through hardware and software in, through client / server systems, or through the web. Data Driven DSS The organization manager mostly uses the Data Driven Decision Support System (DSS) system as well staff and the product/service suppliers used it. The use of the system is for a specific need by sending query to a database or data warehouse, which then returns the requested specific information. This type of system is mostly deployed through a mainframe system, client/server system and trough the web. Computer-based databases are the example such system, having the capability to response to query and valuable results value from existing databases. Data Mining Data Mining is the data analyzing process from different perspectives and after processing generation of useful information summary. This summary information are utilized by the organizations to increase revenue, cuts costs etc. Data mining software is one of the analytical tools available to analyze data. This tool allows users to do analysis of the data from different angles, categorize data, and finally identification of the relationships in a summarized data. Determine the source available to assist in analyzing data information Information resources such as Data, Information and knowledge In business environment information resources are the most valuable assets for any organisation. The information i.e. data, information or knowledge must be collected carefully and with authenticity because the organisation decision-making processes are based on these information. These sources of these information resources could be organisation employees, customer and other organisations but there must be some criteria for using these resources such as accuracy, validity, clarity etc. Technology resources such as hardware and software For the processing of organisation data and information such as products detail, employees details, manufacturing, stock and accounts information appropriate technology resources such hardware i.e. computer systems, printers etc and software database system, data analysis tools etc must be available to managers and staffs of the organisation. Using such resources reduces production time, cost, improves communication within the organisation and with the customers. People resources such as employee and managers in organizations Organisation employees and managers are the vital part in analysing data because they provides the organisation internal data such as manufactured quantity, cost, stock etc and as well they are operating the available equipments, computer systems and software. In organisation mostly there are people specially trained for operating specialised hardware and software for information processing, analysing, report generation. LO4: Monitor and review management information Assessment Criteria 4.1 Identify methods of evaluating management information within an organization For high level of management information organisations utilise different information evaluation methods to ensure a reliable, trusted and quality of information management system. Data governance Data governance (DG) is the overall management of the data employed in the enterprise. The Data governance ensures the availability, usability, integrity, and security of the employed data. A governing body or council runs a well-organized data governance program with a well-defined set of procedures and plans for the execution of defined procedures in the right direction. The followings are the three key elements of the successful data governance in an organization. The ability to use timely, reliable, trusted information to drive the business The data governance program must be able to ensure the information availability within the prescribed time frame to the recipients that it can be processed at in early stage. This information must be reliable i.e. consistent that execution of different processes can be performed in proper order and in the right direction. As well the information must be trusted i.e. accurate, update and must be gathered from the trusted source otherwise it will lead to program failure. Improving the quality of business decision- making The data governance programme must be able to utilise certain standard decision support systems for the achievement of high quality of business decision-making such as Model Driven DSS, Data Driven DSS etc. The available data for decision-making must be according to certain quality standard, appropriate format, well structured and well organised. Ensuring consistent use of information The data governance program must ensure the consistent use of information in organisation for reliability and smooth flow of business different process. The information flow must be regular to different component of the overall system that the system can generate reliable, trusted and high quality of result otherwise inconsistency will generate incorrect result and will lead to system failure. Management information value Timeliness Timeliness is a high importance in management information, which means that the recipients must receive information within the prescribed time frame. The timeliness can ensure an early stage information execution, which generates the accurate information result. The characteristic of timeliness of information must be effective as well must includes the current up to date information. Content Management information system provides valuable contents for organisation internal and external process support. These contents support business different process such as contents for decision making process, for manufacturing process, for marketing process, financial process, customer and services support etc. Format Management information system provides information in an appropriate and clear format, which is easily understandable. The provided information clearly describe the need, the purpose and place where it can be used such as market related information clearly describes the value of the organisation and its product that can be used to improve quality and services. Cost Management information systems help organizations in cost reduction in the overall business i.e. internally and externally. It allows organizations to deliver their products and services to customers at lower price than their competitors. Therefore, due to information system organizations can survive in difficult situations and can grow rapidly. 4.2 Discuss process for analyzing impact of information on strategic decision made Set objective of process or organization The information analysis allows the decision-maker in the organization to develop and set objectives and allocates resources required for the achievement of these objectives. Thus the organization top-level management is benefiting from information analysis in making strategic planning. Evaluate weather goals achieved The information system allows the organisation to evaluate weather the desired goals are achieved from the information analysis or not. In case of failure the process is refined with utilising more resources, expertise, care and thoroughly investigation to make sure a quality of result achieves. Gap analysis is used for the evaluation of weather goals achieved or not. Assess reasons for variance from target to actual The performance diagnosis is done by applying knowledge to performance to check weather the processes, operations and functions are generating the quality results or not. Each process is judged thoroughly weather the overall process is running smoothly and will complete successfully. Revise and implement new approaches or modify goals If there is any mistake in the process it is revised and retest. Some times the achievement of the desired resulted new approaches is implemented and some time the difficulties in achieving result can lead to modification in goals. 4.3 Determine methods of developing information capture to inform and support strategic decision-making DIKAR: Data Information Knowledge Action Result The DIKAR model is used for information quality, which is very helpful in understanding the attributes of management information quality. The diagram below is the description of the overall model. Source: Dr.L.Ali, 7004_Strategic Information Management, 2009, Lecture Notes, Cromwell college of IT Management As shown in the diagram the DIKAR model is based on the attributes of the Data, Information, Knowledge, Action and results. These attributes ensure the quality of the each component of the DIKAR model as from the start to the end quality is maintained in all processes. The table below explains the attributes of each component. Data Quality The provided data must be accurate i.e. up to date, the whole data to complete that task i.e. completeness, collected from authentic and trusted source i.e. validity and regularly available for smooth flow i.e. consistency. Information Quality Information must be generated from a quality data, all definition must clearly describe the purpose, only relevant information should be used related to a task, the presentation of information should be in the proper order and right format, information must be provided to the recipient in the prescribed time frame and finally availability of information must be ensure to the end user related to that task. Knowledge Quality For knowledge quality the information quality must be maintained as described in the previous section, ASHEN factors (is explained in the next section) must be taken into account, the end user must be experienced in using such knowledge i.e. prior experience, knowledge must be clear and easily understandable i.e. explicit knowledge and finally must be understood clearly by the end user i.e. tacit knowledge. Action Quality An appropriate action must be taken for the solution of the task, this action must be with in the prescribed time frame and must generate results with clarity that ends user can utilise results in the right place and in the right direction. Result Quality The generated output must clearly state the achieved objectives and consistency of results. The achieved result must be the right and desired and efficient for the task. ASHEN: Artefacts Skills Heuristics Experience Natural talent The ASHEN factors is used for the assessment of knowledge quality at the points des